What long-term adverse effect can result from prolonged use of oral corticosteroids?

Prolonged use of oral corticosteroids can lead to Cushing's syndrome, which is characterized by excessive levels of cortisol in the body. This condition can arise due to the pharmacological effects of corticosteroids, as they mimic the action of cortisol, leading to various metabolic and physiological changes.

Chronic corticosteroid use can cause features associated with Cushing's syndrome, such as weight gain, obesity, thinning of the skin, muscle weakness, growth inhibition in children, and changes in fat distribution, such as a rounded face or increased fat around the neck. Additionally, prolonged corticosteroid therapy can suppress the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, further complicating hormonal regulation within the body.

In contrast, increased bone density, improved immune function, and reduced blood pressure are effects not associated with long-term corticosteroid use. In fact, long-term corticosteroids can lead to decreased bone density, immunosuppression leading to increased susceptibility to infections, and potential hypertension, rather than reduced blood pressure. Understanding these implications is crucial in managing patients requiring long-term corticosteroid therapy.